Chapter One; Planning

Learning Objectives;

Definition of Plan

Basic Elements of Planning and Decision

Types of Goal (content of plan)

Types of Plan (content of plan)

Types of Plan in terms of Time-period

Formal Goal Setting Process/ Level of Overall Goal

Chapter Two; Organizing

Learning Objectives;

Definition of Organizing

Job Design

Organizational Structure

Alternatives to Specialization

Distributing Authority

Chapter Three; Leading or Staffing

Learning Objectives;

Definition of Leading

Managing Organizational Change

Steps in the Change Process

Innovation Process

Attitudes

Stress in Management

Interpersonal Communication in Management Perspective

Chapter Four; Controlling

Learning Objectives;

Definition of Control

The purpose of Control

Areas of Control

Steps in the Control Process

Chapter One; Planning

Definition of Plan

Planning means setting the goals and deciding how best to achieve them. Planning one of the functions of management to calculate in which plans for the future activities and operations of an organization are incorporate its.

Basic Elements of Planning and Decision

In this stage should describe in regarding the level of management. Because to know, who will set a goal and whose are working on the behind of goal. Therefore Level of Management can be listed as below;

An organization has three levels of management, represented by tope level, middle level and first-line managers. Regardless of level, managers are also associated with a specific area within the organization, such as Marketing, Finance, HRM, Accounting and others. Tope level manager crate the organizational goal, overall strategy and operating policies. A president, Vice president, Board of Director and Chief Executive Officer is a tope level manager. Middle level managers are basically Chief Operating Officer (COO), Division Head and Branch Manager. Middle level managers are responsible primarily for implementing the policies and plans which have developed by tope level. Each of the division, they are setting their own goals & plans and disseminate to first line manager. First-line managers supervise and coordinate the activities of operating employees or labor. First-line managers include supervisor, coordinator and office manager.

Types of Goal (content of plan)

There are three types of goals, such as Strategic, Tactical and Operational goal. Manager must develop a complete and understanding of this context to determine the organization’s mission and to develop its strategic, tactical and operational goals.

Strategic Goal; This goal will be formed by tope level management for an organization. This goal will be overall basis and boarding context. And also it will be established for long-term focus. It will depend on the capacity, scope and ability of an organization. Example; Airtel`s goal of acquiring 70 percent share of warid.

Tactical Goal; This goal will set up by the Middle level management. The area of tactical goal will be small compare to the strategic goal. There is on how to operationalize action necessary to achieve the strategic goal. And also it will be established for an intermediate-term focus. Example; Tactical goal might be, how to capture maximum market share in telecommunication sector in Bangladesh.

Operational Goal; This goal set by the First-line management for an organization. Operational goal will be narrowest one than others two. Their concern is short-term issues associated with the tactical goal. Example; Operational will be how they seek new accounts/ customers for the company (Airtel).

Types of Plan (content of plan)

It has also three types of plan as like as Strategic plan, Tactical plan and operational plan.

Strategic Plan; It will be developed by tope level management on basis of strategic goal. It contains decisions of necessary resource allocation, priority and action steps necessary to reach strategic goal.

Tactical Plan; A plan aimed at achieving tactical goal and developed to implement part of the strategic plan. It will be formed by the middle level management and area will small than strategic plan.

Operational Plan; Focus on carrying out tactical plan to achieve operational goals. This will be created by First-line management. Operational plans have short-term focus and are comparatively narrow in scope.

Types of Plan in terms of Time-period

Time-period is also important for setting an organizational plan. It might be short-term, intermediate-term and long-term oriented.

Long-term Plan; A plan that covers many years, perhaps even decades, common long-term plans are for five years and more. But time frame for long-term planning may vary from one organization to another organization. Now days, most of the managers are realized that environmental change makes it unfeasible to plan too far ahead, but large farm like ExxonMobil and GM still routinely develop plans for ten- to twenty years intervals.

Intermediate-term Plan; A plan that generally covers from one to five years. It is most important for middle level management. Many organizations get benefit by setting intermediate-term plan. Nice example for NISSAN, They have got lots of benefits over the rivals.

Short-term Plan; A plan that generally covers from one years or less. Short-term plans greatly affect the manager’s day-to-day activities.

Formal Goal Setting Process/ Level of Overall Goal

Formal goal setting process is an effective technique for integrating goal setting and planning. Steps in formal goal setting process are following to bellow;

Formal Goal Setting Process/ Level of Overall Goal

As a starting point, most managers believe that, if a formal goal setting is to be successful, it must start at the top of the organization. Top managers must be accepted and committed to formal goal setting. The top level management is also determined that, what would be a goal. This goal will be very specific and clearly defined. The formal goal-setting program is fully depended on capacity, scope, resources and physibility of the organization. Although Establishing the organizational goals and plans are extremely important, collaborative goal setting and planning are the essence of formal goal setting. In this stage, establishing goal must be divided into different group or division such as MKT, HRM, A/C and FIN. Collaborative goal setting and planning is another step in formal goal setting program. This stage indicate that, how they will achieve or reach to the goal by individual division or branch. A manager tell their subordinates what organizational and unit goal and plan top management has developed. Communicating organizational goals and plans is an important factor of formal goal setting process. After coming this stage as a manager must maintain proper communication with their subordinates. And in the same time, to inform them what are purposes, activities and target. Meeting, Verifiable goals and clear plans, counseling and resources are also taken into consideration to meet up the organizational goal. First of all call a meeting and then verify over all the activities and then required a proper counseling and lastly if needs any resources then collect it as soon as possible. Next step is Periodic review, it means periodically review over the project. It might be two or four monthly basis. And the last stage is Evaluation. In here, to measure the performance of the project, are the activities going in a right way or not. If not then, as a manager should take corrective action as early as possible.

Chapter Two; Organizing

Definition of Organizing

Job Design

Organizational Structure

Alternatives to Specialization

Distributing Authority